tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17591026946868913222024-03-14T00:26:40.058-07:00Judy LightstoneJudy Lightstone, Founder & Director Auckland PSI Institute, has been providing training, and supervision for mental health clinicians for the past 38 years. She has a PhD. with a specialism in Trauma Psychology and two Masters degrees in Counselling and in Marriage and Family Therapy. She was trained in Feminist Relational Therapy for Eating Problems with Susie Orbach (author of Fat is a Feminist Issue). Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger14125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1759102694686891322.post-85483092188925318392023-11-14T16:43:00.000-08:002023-11-16T22:28:34.408-08:00The Battle of the Bulge: Women, Power and Feeding<p><span style="background-color: white; color: #7b8c89; font-family: "Gentium Basic"; font-size: 18px;">It would be perpetuating a myth to say or even imply that women are, historically, foreigners to power. Women's power has historically been proscribed from the high places in government and the economy (unless you look at pre-history--but that is another article). However, women have almost always, cross-culturally, wielded power over food. Even in hunting and gathering societies, it was the women gatherers that provided daily sustenance for their clans, where the hunter's provisions were more ceremonial and glorified than substantive in nature. Women are deeply linked with agriculture. There is persuasive historical evidence that women developed (or "invented") agriculture; most agricultural deities are female (e.g. </span><em style="color: #7b8c89; font-family: "Gentium Basic"; font-size: 18px; position: relative;">mother Earth,</em><span style="background-color: white; color: #7b8c89; font-family: "Gentium Basic"; font-size: 18px;"> </span><em style="color: #7b8c89; font-family: "Gentium Basic"; font-size: 18px; position: relative;">corn mother).</em></p><br style="background-color: white; color: #7b8c89; font-family: "Gentium Basic"; font-size: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #7b8c89; font-family: "Gentium Basic"; font-size: 18px;">And in today's societies, it is still primarily the women who do the gathering (shopping), preparing, cooling, and serving of food. Furthermore, since the industrial revolution, having power over food has taken on more and more significance. It has become (more than before) the power to give or withhold sustenance and nurture--something all human beings, particularly children, need for their physical and emotional survival. Since most other avenues to power had been blocked, the power over food and nurturance has tended to be overused, abused, and clung to by women for many generations.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #7b8c89; font-family: "Gentium Basic"; font-size: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #7b8c89; font-family: "Gentium Basic"; font-size: 18px;">The stereotypical fill-in-blank (Jewish, Italian) mother is famous for such uses and abuses. Forced overfeeding, use of food as reward or enticement, and withholding of food as punishment are all familiar methods to most of us.<br /></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #7b8c89; font-family: "Gentium Basic"; font-size: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #7b8c89; font-family: "Gentium Basic"; font-size: 18px;">In this most recent women's movement (women's rights movements go back to women's enslavement thousands of years ago) the struggle to embrace wider circles of power and let go of food and self-abuse has been a violent and confusing one. We women are starving ourselves, starving our children and loved ones, gorging ourselves, gorging our children and loved ones, alternating between starving and gorging, purging, obsessing, and all the while hating, pounding and wanting to remove that which makes us female: our bodies, our curves, our pear-shaped selves.<br /><br />This battle was chronicled daily in the American comic strip "<a href="https://www.cathyguisewite.com/comic-strip" style="color: #5199a8; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">Cathy"</a> from 1976-2010, but unfortunately most of the humour is still relevant today. We can all see that Cathy's move up the corporate ladder is not without repercussions. She hates her body, swears to diet every other day, binges on alternate days, all against the backdrop of a love/get-away-from relationship with her overly nurturing and self-sacrificial mother. For Cathy to succeed without ambivalence in a world that was <em style="position: relative;">proscribed from</em> her mother, she would have to leave the "woman who gave up everything for her" behind. And so she takes <em style="position: relative;">her</em> with her. She has a successful career, but she and her mother cozy up over the diet coke and pizza and moan over their bodies together. It is, if you think about it, an ingenious solution to an emotionally wrenching problem.<br /></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #7b8c89; font-family: "Gentium Basic"; font-size: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #7b8c89; font-family: "Gentium Basic"; font-size: 18px;">Even today, women are made to feel they have no right to feed themselves when they are hungry--the most basic human need there is! While asserting one need, many women will often (unconsciously) deny another, as an expression of their fundamental feelings of non-entitlement. Why is it that to "succeed" in so many fields--i.e., to "climb the ladder"--so many women are expected to take up less space (get thinner)? I see this image of women climbing higher and higher while getting thinner and thinner, until the most "powerful" women eventually disappear into thin air.<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #7b8c89; font-family: "Gentium Basic"; font-size: 18px;">There is another solution, but it is more painful. And that is to let go of the power over food in exchange for new forms of power. Letting go of the power struggle with food means returning it to its original purpose of mere sustenance. It means letting go of the battle--no more diets - that includes "Keto" and other fads that pretend to be "healthy eating plans," binges, puke-ins, weigh-ins, or bathing-suit competitions. Just hunger--> self-feed--> satiation and on with life. This is no easy task, and it brings innumerable complications, especially since other forms of power are not so accessible to women in these days of the feminization of poverty when our rights to control over our bodies are being revoked at every turn. Nor are the traditionally male forms of power necessarily comfortable or even acceptable to many women. Some of us might prefer to challenge the very structures of hierarchical power itself. All this sounds exhausting. The battle of the bulge is safer--at least it's familiar.<br /> <br />To feel "entitled" to take up space, to take our place in the world and share power equally with men, we must first learn to give up this drive to "trade off" one need for another. We must somehow, gradually, haltingly, but persistently lay claim to each and every human right, one after the other. To do this, we must make use of the greatest source of strength and power we have: each other.<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Gentium Basic"; font-size: 18px;">Note: I do not mean to imply that this is the only reason for the continuing epidemic of eating disorders; individual situations are very unique and complex. But it may shed some light on the society-wide epidemic of fat-phobia and diet mania, an atmosphere that encourages individual eating and body obsessions to thrive.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1759102694686891322.post-71844540810813150692015-07-17T22:41:00.000-07:002023-11-13T21:51:48.642-08:00On Racism, Violence and OppressionIn his blog <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-metta/i-racist_b_7770652.html">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-metta/i-racist_b_7770652.html</a> John Metta articulately reflects the reality of targets or racism (people of colour in general) but doesn't go far enough, in my opinion, to recognise that this is also the reality of all targets of systemised genocide, colonialism, violence (including war), trafficking and slavery (mostly women and children) and many LGBT. It's about a lack of empathy (not sympathy - not pity - but empathy). It's the inability to recognise "that could just have easily been me" or "that could just have easily been my child...partner...home..." etc. This lack of empathy is caused by an unfortunate quality of human nature to categorise "the other" as anyone far enough away either in difference or in distance. Just because it is a quality of human nature doesn't mean it can't be challenged or changed. We are also a creative species profoundly influenced by learning and the environment - so much so that learning can change our very genetic makeup. However it is a limitation of human nature we would be wise to be aware of and to challenge. This limitation makes us vulnerable to being pitted against one another in such unfortunate ways as competing for a place in the "oppression lineup" and prevents us from working together to overthrow the sources of such mutual oppression.<br /><br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1759102694686891322.post-64292563183979840742015-07-09T22:11:00.000-07:002015-07-09T22:11:42.946-07:00Everything You Thought You Knew about Addiction is Wrong<span style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16.5454540252686px;">Brilliant! Unfortunately the solution can't be only individual or familial - it has to be political and cultural as well - but the message and learnings here are clear: the opposite of addiction is attachment.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16.5454540252686px;" />
<a class="ot-anchor aaTEdf" dir="ltr" href="http://www.ted.com/talks/johann_hari_everything_you_think_you_know_about_addiction_is_wrong" jslog="10929; track:click" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.218s; background-color: white; color: #404040; cursor: pointer; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16.5454540252686px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.218s;" target="_blank">http://www.ted.com/talks/johann_hari_everything_you_think_you_know_about_addiction_is_wrong</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16.5454540252686px;"></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1759102694686891322.post-3001776869571678192015-07-01T01:30:00.002-07:002015-07-12T16:02:04.454-07:00Childhood Trauma linked to Obesity and Illness throughout the Lifespan<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bUhEyKvJ0eE/VZOlL7lwWJI/AAAAAAAAD6g/GBYKy0huqSg/s1600/Inflamation%2Btrauma%2Band%2Billness.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="238" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bUhEyKvJ0eE/VZOlL7lwWJI/AAAAAAAAD6g/GBYKy0huqSg/s320/Inflamation%2Btrauma%2Band%2Billness.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<a href="http://www.eventscribe.com/2015/ISSTD/assets/pdf6up/173060.pdf">Check out this amazing slideshow by Kathleen Kendall-Tackett</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.eventscribe.com/2015/ISSTD/assets/pdf6up/173060.pdf" target="_blank"> </a><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85098); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 19.2000007629395px;">about the links among childhood trauma, race, size, and socioeconomic discrimination, and later physical illness, sleep disturbances, depression and obesity. This goes beyond the </span><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/acestudy/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #8c68cb; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">ACE studies </a><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85098); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 19.2000007629395px;">and to look at all forms of stress/trauma including cultural ones. The worse the developmental trauma (this includes poverty and social discrimination), the greater the impact on physical and mental health, insulin resistance and obesity. Time to stop blaming the survivors and start challenging the causes. </span></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1759102694686891322.post-48865009894382814862015-01-07T21:07:00.000-08:002015-03-21T04:08:22.959-07:00Lesser Known Causes of Obesity<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">We hear it in the news every day. There is an obesity epidemic. We are obese. We just keep getting fatter and fatter. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Who's responsible? We must find someone to blame. Why not blame the fat people? Many people in Western society seem to have opted for distancing ourselves from the intolerable and projecting it onto “fat” and "fat people". Our society's rage against fat as sin today may be comparable to the Victorian attitude about sex. Our desperation to avoid the stigma of fat is reflected in how we spend our money. </span></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="justify">
<span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In 2012 in the U.S. alone, the weight-loss industry raked in $61 billion on weight loss foods, food replacement products (i.e. Jenny Craig, Weight Watchers), books, surgeries, diet programmes, and diet supplements (in 1980 that number was $10 billion). </span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">After all, we can't control our age, our height, our colour, our socioeconomic status at birth, our parentage, our increasingly poisonous environment - we need something to claim control over - right? If we can't control our body weight, there's no hope for us - right? Wrong.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Obese people have been found to expend less energy while sleeping and resting than those who are not obese, making it easier to gain weight on lower caloric intake than those with higher resting energy expenditure rates:</span></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"Resting energy expenditure (REE) was investigated by indirect calorimetry in relation to body composition and to different degrees of obesity in order to assess if a defective energy expenditure contributes to extra body fat accumulation …. The analysis showed a negative impact of obesity on REE beyond body composition variables." (<sup><a href="http://www.psychotherapist.org/exercise_and_obesity.html#6">6</a></sup>Verga, p. 47)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Recent research by <a href="http://www.psychotherapist.org/exercise_and_obesity.html#12" target="_blank">12 </a>Dallman suggests that high levels of stress over a long period of time (such as those caused poverty, chronic trauma and childhood abuse) can create changes in the brain that causes the body to redistribute its fat stores to the abdominal area and increases sucrose (sweets) appetite. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Pagato, et al, 2012</span><span style="color: black;"> observed that<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">PTSD alters functioning of the HPA axis, which regulates cortisol secretion</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cortisol hypothesized to promote obesity</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cortisol secretion linked to stress-related weight gain</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">People with PTSD have lower circulating cortisol relative to healthy controls</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ironically, the stigma from being fat, especially as a child, and the consequent vulnerability to ongoing bullying and abuse by peers can set this viscous cycle in motion or exacerbate it early on.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Additional causes of obesity unrelated to compulsive eating were also found by studies from the <sup><a href="http://www.psychotherapist.org/exercise_and_obesity.html#7">7</a></sup>National Institutes for Health, and by <sup><a href="http://www.psychotherapist.org/exercise_and_obesity.html#4">4</a></sup>Heitmann. Obesity has been shown to have a significant genetic component according to cross-sectional twin and family studies done by <sup><a href="http://www.psychotherapist.org/exercise_and_obesity.html#2">2</a></sup>Coady. And this genetic component is compounded by the tendency of obese people to mate with each other, as they are often excluded from mainstream dating circles. From <sup><a href="http://www.psychotherapist.org/exercise_and_obesity.html#3">3</a></sup>Hebebrand:</span></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"Our results indicate that assortative mating is common among parents of extremely obese children and adolescents, ascertained between 1995 and 1997. In addition, the parental loading on the tenth decile is most prominent for the most obese children." (p. 345)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-NZ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Major Cause of Obesity Epidemic:
Weight-Loss Attempts<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-NZ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Research
on 17,000 children showed that twins who embarked on <b><i>one
intentional weight loss episode</i></b> were <b><i>two to three
times</i></b> <b><i>more likely</i></b> <b><i>to become
overweight</i></b> compared to their non-dieting twin counterpart.
Furthermore, the risk of becoming overweight i<b><i>ncreased in a
dose-dependent manner</i></b>, with each dieting episode. #1<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-NZ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A
1999 report on 4,193 women and 3,536 men participating in the Finnish Twin
Cohort Study revealed that dieters were several times more likely than
non-dieters to experience major weight gain (more than 22 pounds) during a
follow-up lasting 15 years. (pp.31) #2<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-NZ;">#1. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Alison E. Field, S. Bryn Austin, C. Barr
Taylor, Susan Malspeis, Bernard Rosner (2003)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-NZ;">#2. </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Korkelia, M.,
A Rissanen, J Kaprio, TIA Sorensen, & M Koskenvuo (1999)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-NZ;"><br />
According to a 2007 <b>Meta-Study (a study of 31 other studies,
internationally</b>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-NZ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diets
do lead to short-term weight loss, on average of 5%–10% of the person's
body weight<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-NZ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">These
losses are not maintained<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-NZ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
more time that elapses between the end of a diet and the follow-up, the
more weight is regained.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-NZ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Among
patients who were followed for two or more years, 83% gained back more
weight than they lost<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-NZ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
studies with the longest follow-up times (of four or five years
post-diet), the weight regain trajectories continued to increase
suggesting that if participants were followed for even longer, their
weight would continue to increase. <b>#3</b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">#3 </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Mann, T., Tomiyama, AJ, Westling,E, Lew, AM, Samuels, B. (2007)
Medicare’s Search for Effective Obesity Treatments in American Psychologist
Vol. 62, No. 3, 220–233</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Putting people on caloric restriction regimens is bound to fail, as their bodies will tell them that they are not getting enough to eat (they will have a constant nagging hunger that will only ease up when they eat). Checking for medications that cause weight gain, educating about food additives such as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfats#Trans_fats_in_food" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">trans fatty acids or trans-fats</a><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, explaining about the connections between genes, stress, childhood abuse and body size to de-stigmatise, and encouraging an increase in activity levels with guidance on how to incorporate regular exercise into daily routines is the only humane prescription for obesity when it is not related to overeating.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Candara;">References:<br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="2"></a><sup>2</sup>Coady, S.A., Jaquish, C.E., Fabsitz, R.R., Larson, M.G., Cupples, L.A., & Myers, R.H. (2002). Genetic variability of adult body mass index: a longitudinal assessment in Framingham families. Obesity Research, 10, 675-81.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Candara;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="1a"></a><sup>1a</sup>Colditz, G.A. (1992). Economic costs of obesity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 55, 503-507.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Candara;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="12"></a><sup>12</sup>Dallman, M.F., Pecorary, N., Akana, S.F., la Fleur, S.E., Gomez, F., houshyar, H., Bell, M.E., Bhatnagar, S., Laugero, K.D., and Manalo, S. (2003) <i>Chronic stress and obesity: A new view of "comfort food"</i>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 100/20, 11696-1170<sup>1</sup></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Candara;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="11"></a><sup>11</sup> <a href="http://healthyamericans.org/reports/obesity2005/Obesity2005Report.pdf">Trust for America's Health Report. (2005). F as in Fat: How obesity policies are failing in America.</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Candara;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="10"></a><sup>10</sup>Farley, Tom, (2005). Prescription for a Healthy Nation : A New Approach to Improving Our Lives by Fixing Our Everyday World. Boston: Beacon Press</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Candara;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="8"></a><sup>8</sup>Gallagher, D., Testolin, C., Heshka, S., & Heymsfield, S.B. (n.d.). Body mass index: Differential misclassification of under and over-fatness. New York City: Obesity Research Center, St.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Candara;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="3"></a><sup>3</sup>Hebebrand, J., Wulftange, H., Goerg, T., Ziegler, A., Hinney, A., Barth, N., Mayer, H., & Remschmidt, H. (2000). Epidemic obesity: are genetic factors involved via increased rates of assortative mating? International Journal of Obesity Related Metabolic Disorders, 24, 345-53</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Candara;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="4"></a><sup>4</sup>Heitmann, B.L., Harris, J.R., Lissner, L., & Pedersen, N.L. (1999). Genetic effects on weight change and food intake in Swedish adult twins. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69, 597-602.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Candara;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="1b"></a><sup>1b</sup>Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (1983). Metropolitan height and weight tables. New York: Author.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Candara;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="7"></a><sup>7</sup>National Institutes for Health (2001). Understanding adult obesity. NIH Publication No. 01-3680. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Candara;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="5"></a><sup>5</sup>U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1996). Physical activity and health: A report of the surgeon general. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Candara;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="6"></a><sup>6</sup>Verga, S, Buscemi, S., & Caimi, G. (1994). Resting energy expenditure and body composition in morbidly obese, obese and control subjects. Acta Diabetologia, 31(1), 47-51.<br /> <br /> </span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1759102694686891322.post-77218676840885198662015-01-07T16:57:00.003-08:002021-11-22T16:09:25.188-08:00Dieting is Bad for You<h2>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dieting is Bad for You. But I Don't
Diet Anymore - I know Better!</span></b></h2>
<h3>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p> </o:p></b></h3>
<h3>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-NZ;">Don't be fooled - If you're
"only trying to eat healthier," ask yourself these questions:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">Does
this "new way of eating lifestyle" require that I change my
eating habits to omit or considerably limit one of the three major food
groups that all humans need to survive: carbohydrates, proteins, or fats?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">Does
this "fitness fat-burner menu" cause me to wait to eat for long
periods while hungry or to stop eating before my physical appetite is satisfied?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">Does
this "high nutrition program" require that I eat according to
externally dictated menus and schedules, which distract me from my inner
rhythms of hunger and satiation?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">Food Group or Caloric Restriction =
Thin = Better Health?</span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-NZ;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-NZ;">Thin, very temporarily
yes. Better Health -No - Plus, studies show that the best way to gain weight
AND to develop an eating problem is to restrict your diet (see below). <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">Major Cause of Obesity Epidemic:
Weight-Loss Attempts</span></h3>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">Research
on 17,000 children showed that twins who embarked on <i>one
intentional weight loss episode</i> were <i>two to three
times</i> <i>more likely</i> <i>to become
overweight</i> compared to their non-dieting twin counterpart.
Furthermore, the risk of becoming overweight i<i>ncreased in a
dose-dependent manner</i>, with each dieting episode. #1<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">A
1999 report on 4,193 women and 3,536 men participating in the Finnish Twin
Cohort Study revealed that dieters were several times more likely than
non-dieters to experience major weight gain (more than 22 pounds) during a
follow-up lasting 15 years. (pp.31) #2<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-NZ;">#1. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Alison E. Field, S. Bryn Austin, C. Barr
Taylor, Susan Malspeis, Bernard Rosner (2003)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-NZ;">#2. </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Korkelia, M.,
A Rissanen, J Kaprio, TIA Sorensen, & M Koskenvuo (1999)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"><br />
According to a 2007 Meta-Study (a study of 31 other studies, internationally)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">Diets
do lead to short-term weight loss, on average of 5%–10% of the person's
body weight<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">These
losses are not maintained<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">The
more time that elapses between the end of a diet and the follow-up, the
more weight is regained.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">Among
patients who were followed for two or more years, 83% gained back more
weight than they lost<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">In
studies with the longest follow-up times (of four or five years
post-diet), the weight regain trajectories continued to increase
suggesting that if participants were followed for even longer, their
weight would continue to increase. #3<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">#3 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Mann, T., Tomiyama, AJ, Westling,E, Lew, AM, Samuels, B. (2007)
Medicare’s Search for Effective Obesity Treatments in American Psychologist
Vol. 62, No. 3, 220–233</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-NZ;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; font-weight: normal;">Fat Phobia
Kills<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">A study of 36,000
students in Minnesota found that negative body image is associated with a
higher suicide risk for girls #4</span><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-NZ;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-NZ;"><br />
#4. American Association of University Women (1990). <u>Shortchanging
girls, shortchanging America: Full data report</u>. Washington, DC: American
Association of University Women.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-NZ;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"><br />
Overweight girls are far more likely to engage in dangerous practices (fasting,
smoking, vomiting, taking laxatives) to lose weight than normal weight
girls #5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"><br />
#5. Wertheim, E., Paxton, S., & Blaney, S. (2009)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"><br />
The Mayo Clinic researchers note that many adolescents with eating disorders
have had a history of being overweight or obese #6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"><br />
#6. Sim, L.A., Lebow, J, & Billings, M, (2013)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"><br />
A longitudinal study published in 1999 showed that girls who dieted severely
were 18 times more likely to develop an eating disorder #7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">#7.
Patton et al (1999)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"><br />
Even here in Aotearoa New Zealand:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Studies indicate
that although 75% of 15 year old girls were ‘healthy weights’ 68% of them
wanted to weigh less #8</span><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-NZ;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"><br />
#8. Worsley, Worsley, McConnon & Silva (1990)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"><br />
Of the girls that reported dieting, most had started prior to the age of 13
years. #9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"><br />
#9. Fear, Bulik & Sullivan (1996) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">We have known
since the 70's that dietary restriction sets a dangerous trend, And we now know
that this trend is far more "dangerous" than the "obesity
epidemic" that gets so much more press but that fails to mention that the
health risks of obesity are much more related to a lack of physical exercise
than to BMI. It is perfectly possible to be <a href="http://qz.com/162524/the-diet-industry-really-needs-you-to-lose-weight-this-year/"><span style="color: blue;">"fit and fat"</span></a>" where it is less
possible to be "fit and dieting."</span><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-NZ;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Why Do We Keep Trying to Lose
Weight by Restricting Food Types or Intake?</span></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">In spite of all
this, our drive to diet and get thinner and thinner is getting worse not
better. And our children and teenagers continue to get the wrong messages<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">Parental
messages about body image and teasing by others (e.g. peers and/or family) have
been highly correlated with body image dissatisfaction and eating disorder
symptoms #10</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">
#10. Thelen and Cormier, 1995<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal;">Because
Dieting is Addicting<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Compulsions and
addictions are defined by one's inability to stop behaviour in spite of known
harmful consequences. Given all of the evidence above, why would anyone want to
deliberately deprive themselves of food anymore? We know it causes eating
disorders, suicidality, and ultimately either death or greater weight gain -
this evidence isn't even new. Yet we keep doing it - why?</span><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-NZ;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Dieting, like
many addictions, creates false promises. Like gamblers who know full well that
the odds are against them, most dieters think they can buck the odds because
the false promise - thinness and an end to weight discrimination - is too
seductive to ignore or dismiss. The pain of continuing to suffer teasing,
discrimination, and judgments overshadows the likelihood of dieting failure. No
one wants to really believe they can't diet their way to thinness - it feels
too hopeless, too awful. And although exercise offers an escape from most of
the physical health risks of a high body weight, it can't promise a quick
perfect body. And we humans are famous for looking at the short term results
and ignoring the long term, if it doesn't suit us. A gambler makes one big win,
then continues to gamble until it's all gone and then some - this is the same
thinking as "diet think."</span><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-NZ;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal;">More Myths<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">BMI, or the Body Mass Index, was originally developed
as a statistical tool to study large populations over time. It is completely
irrelevant to individual weight and does not even distinguish between weight
caused by fat or muscle. Similar to that old fashioned standby, the
Metropolitan Life Height and Weight Charts, the original uses for which these
devices were developed has gotten completely distorted. Met Life was originally
an actuarial study - a statistical population study based on people who buy
life insurance. What happened to scientific measures - controlled, double-blind
studies that limit the variables they measure? When it comes to weight, our
scientific standards seem to take a back seat. This is because no one,
including doctors, is immune to cultural pressures, assumptions and
stereotypes. Although medical practitioners the world over are trained to used
the BMI now as they were the Met Life Charts in the past, they are rarely
taught that they are highly inaccurate in evaluating individual weight and
fitness.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">One of the medical criteria of anorexia nervosa: body
weight 15 % below a weight that is considered "normal", is met by the
majority of models and beauty contestants.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">So, What Size Should I Be?</span></span></h2>
<h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">Since there are no clear markers for healthy body
weight that are free from highly questionable social standards, I would
maintain that healthy body weight is highly individual and relative, given
the <a href="http://psiinstitute.blogspot.co.nz/2015/01/lesser-known-causes-of-obesity.html"><span style="color: blue;">various causes of weight gain</span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">Perhaps it is best to consider the size a person
naturally returns to after a long period of both non-compulsive eating and
consistent exercise commensurate with the person' s physical health and
condition. We must learn to advocate for ourselves and our children to aspire
to a naturally determined size, even though that will often mean confronting
misinformed family, friends, and media advertising again and again.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">If
you want to know if you are fit, ask yourself how you feel. Do you have energy
or do you drag through the day? Are you physically active at least a half
hour a day (this means pushing yourself to do something that causes you to pant
and sweat)? If not, consider increasing your level of physical activity in such
a way that it is woven into your day (e.g. walking or cycling instead of
driving).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">The
benefits of regular physical activity have been demonstrated scientifically
again and again - as have the disadvantages of restrictive dieting. It makes
sense that we need to be active - we were hunter- gatherers for 100,000 years
and had to travel huge distances to follow the edible flora and fauna. We're
supposed to move around - and then we're supposed to eat! <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></div>
</h3>
<h2>
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal;">Are you
Overeating?</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">Do
you feel overstuffed a good deal of the time, or do you rarely let yourself
feel hungry? Do you eat to cope with issues that have nothing to do with hunger? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt;">What is
Non-Compulsive Eating?</span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">Simply stated, non-compulsive eating means eating when
you are hungry and stopping when you are satisfied. This involves being able to
distinguish emotional hunger from physical hunger, and satiation from
over-fullness. This approach, combined with regular physical activity, over the
long term,will bring about a healthy ratio of fat to muscle, even if you don't
end up looking like a fashion model.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://www.psychotherapist.org/Continuing_EducationDistanceLearning.htm#HealingIntract"><span style="color: blue;">Click here to find out about distance learning programs for
therapists</span></a> and <a href="http://www.psychotherapist.org/Continuing_EducationDistanceLearning.htm#HealingIntract"><span style="color: blue;">here to find out about general training and supervision
options.</span></a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-NZ;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1759102694686891322.post-42887417878876212082014-02-28T02:41:00.000-08:002014-02-28T02:41:05.132-08:00<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fight
the Brain or Change the Brain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Recent <a href="http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v8/n4/full/nrn2090.html">research in neuroscience</a>
tells us what we had thought impossible is now possible. Early traumatic
implicit (non-verbal bodily held) learning – the kind of learning that drives
most forms of psychological distress<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Unlocking-Emotional-Brain-Eliminating-Reconsolidation/dp/0415897173"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">, </span>can actually be
erased</a> without touching the explicit (verbal – story) memory it was
associated with. First let’s take a look at what this means.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Implicit learning is laid down in the
nervous system – it is emotional and non-verbal. Here are some common examples:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I am inherently bad/dirty/stupid/ugly…etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Love is
dangerous/painful/violent/exploitive and it’s best to avoid all risk or to
expect all relationships to be like that<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">To love is to be mistreated/to mistreat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">If I try I will fail, so best not to try<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dependence is wrong – it’s best not to have
any needs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Candara, sans-serif;">These kinds of “beliefs,” or “scripts” can drive large areas of life. They are usually laid down due to early (as in childhood) repetitive emotionally charged or even traumatic experiences and so tend to be immune to logical questions or arguments. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Candara, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fQnhDVRGyho/UxBjN2quspI/AAAAAAAAAyQ/HVD-LXE5D-I/s1600/Amygdila+Fear+Brain.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fQnhDVRGyho/UxBjN2quspI/AAAAAAAAAyQ/HVD-LXE5D-I/s1600/Amygdila+Fear+Brain.jpg" height="157" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This is because they are actually held in the body and nervous
system rather than in the “thinking brain” and are faster and more automatic
than logical thinking because they were originally somehow tied in to
perceptions around survival (the messages may have originally been communicated
by needed childhood caregivers, for example).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fighting
the Brain<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Since most forms of psychotherapy are
verbal, we have believed up until now that the only way to cope with this kind
of dysfunctional learning was to challenge the logic of such beliefs and set up
competing neural pathways that would eventually, through a great deal of
practice, become available as the “preferred” neural pathway. This is the foundation of much of cognitive
and behavioural psychology. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nevertheless, competing new beliefs learned
logically in adulthood can never completely replace implicitly held beliefs laid
down and reinforced in childhood, and so relapse must be constantly guarded
against, especially when something associated with the earlier learning reappears
in the current environment (e.g. a boss or spouse implying the same message). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The most common way set up competing
beliefs is via Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, whereby the dysfunctional beliefs
are deliberately challenged with new thoughts and learnings which are then
rehearsed in new behaviours repeatedly until the old beliefs lose their
original power. Psychoanalytic or psychodynamic interpersonal therapies also
challenge old implicit learning via the therapeutic relationship itself,
whereby repetitive experiences of (hopefully!) non-exploitive, consistent,
secure attachment with the therapist replace the old beliefs that were based on
exploitive, inconsistent, insecure early attachments. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CBT: Old implicit learning: “If I try I
will fail, so best not to try” as applied to job hunting (for example). CBT
points out the illogic of the assumptions and encourages rehearsing new
alternate thoughts such as “if I try, even if I fail, I can still learn
something of value – and sometimes I will succeed.” Behavioural rehearsal might involve the
assignment of applying for xyz jobs and keeping track of any learnings or
successes to challenge the old learning. Through repetitive practice the new learning creates
a new available pathway that offers an alternative to the older learning –
however it doesn't replace it, and confirmations of the old learning (such as
failures that don’t result in positive learnings) can always send the person
back to the old learning. I call this
approach “fighting the brain.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Changing
the Brain<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In their recent book, Ecker, Ticic and
Hulley (2012) present the basic components necessary to erase dysfunctional implicit
learning, and then examine numerous contemporary forms of psychotherapy to
determine which types incorporate these components. Not surprisingly, most do.
However, some forms of therapy are more efficient, systematic, and deliberate
in their use of these components than others, making for a considerable
difference in the likelihood of success and the length of time it takes to get
there. The components are as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Candara; mso-fareast-font-family: Candara;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Identify and access the memories
of the original experiences that laid down the implicit dysfunctional beliefs</span><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 144.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Candara; mso-fareast-font-family: Candara;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Retrieve the
accompanying learning simultaneously
with the memories: both emotional
and schematic </span><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 144.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Candara; mso-fareast-font-family: Candara;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">At the same time as the
feelings, memories and beliefs are retrieved, provide repeated experiential
disconfirmation of the dysfunctional learning</span><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 180.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Candara; mso-fareast-font-family: Candara;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Disconfirmation must “make
sense” emotionally</span><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 180.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Candara; mso-fareast-font-family: Candara;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Original learning plus
disconfirmation must be repeatedly paired within a 5 hour window</span><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 180.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Candara; mso-fareast-font-family: Candara;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">After 5 hours a built-in
mechanism re-locks the synapses</span><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Each
of these steps correspond precisely to phases 4 through 7 desensitisation stage
of the standard 8 phase <a href="http://www.emdrnetwork.org/description.html">EMDR
protocol</a>, even though EMDR was developed 20 years prior to the current
confirming discoveries in neuroscience.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Candara, sans-serif;">My main concern here is that this “new” approach, if applied systematically, will probably have similar limitations and cause similar results to those that have emerged from years of research and practice in EMDR. It will seem miraculous when applied to dysfunctional learning caused by a single –incident trauma; but it won’t be so simple when dealing with the many ego states that develop in response to repeated developmental trauma and dysfunctional implicit learning.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">When
<a href="http://www.psychotherapist.org/healing-from-trauma-and-abuse.html#EgoState">ego
states</a> are split off by trauma, they are sometimes unable to “share” information
from one state to another. This is what enables many survivors to function at a
much higher level than they might otherwise if the full impact of the traumas were
experienced by all parts of self equally. This also means that it is essential,
when applying the above steps, to make sure that the ego states that hold the
implicit dysfunctional learning <i>are the
same ego states</i> that are exposed to the disconfirmation of that learning. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I
think we will find, as we did with EMDR, that more complex forms of traumatic
implicit learning are most effectively addressed with a combination of trauma
processing (or Implicit memory “erasure”), somatic mindfulness, and ego state
work.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">References:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ecker. B, Ticic , R, &
Hulley, L. (2012). <i>Unlocking the
Emotional Brain</i>. New York: Routelege <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Shapiro, F, & Forrest, MS,
(2004) <i>EMDR: The Breakthrough Therapy for
Anxiety, Stress and Trauma.</i> New York: BasicBooks<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tronson, N. C.; Taylor, J. R. (2007). Molecular
mechanisms of memory reconsolidation. <i>Nature
Reviews Neuroscience</i> 8 (4): 262–275<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1759102694686891322.post-38518033559161909222013-12-09T20:42:00.000-08:002013-12-09T20:42:20.272-08:00HUGE news: Judge Rules Causal Link Between Sexual Abuse and Schizophrenia Must be Aknowledged by Insurance Company<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">This is HUGE! For those not from New Zealand, ACC (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accident_Compensation_Corporation" target="_blank">Accident Compensation Corporation</a>) is a government-contracted insurance company that covers counselling and psychotherapy for those who can demonstrate "mental injury due to sexual abuse." It's one of the many reasons I moved to New Zealand as I figured a country that not only recognises that: abuse exists, can be forgotten,and then return in memory; but that actually compensates the people who suffer because of this, can't be all bad. Two days ago...</span><br style="font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: black;"><br style="font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">"A judge has ruled in favour of an ACC claimant in a case expected to have "enormous" ramifi</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">cations for the way mental health patients are treated.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">In the decision, released recently, Judge Grant Powell in the Wellington District Court agreed with a psychiatrist who said a man's schizophrenia had been caused by trauma from sexual abuse in childhood.....</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">"(The) <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.152777671813965px; line-height: 17.9398136138916px;">judge agreed with a growing body of research that says traumatic events can cause psychosis.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.152777671813965px; line-height: 17.9398136138916px;">The research includes the work of clinical psychologist John Read, who has been at the forefront of research to show a relationship between childhood sexual and physical abuse and psychotic symptoms, including schizophrenia</span>." Thank you John Read for years of painstaking ground-breaking (and myth-busting) work. <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.152777671813965px; line-height: 17.9398136138916px;">.</span><a href="http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/9490650/ACC-to-rethink-abuse-link" target="_blank">Click here</a> for more on this</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1759102694686891322.post-50850384429223225922013-11-28T05:10:00.000-08:002013-11-28T05:11:29.665-08:00Healing from Childhood Abuse, Trauma and Neglect (Part 1)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mgvMEYS731U/Upc-6fzTIEI/AAAAAAAAAtQ/eug6IkGZBQg/s1600/domestic+violence.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mgvMEYS731U/Upc-6fzTIEI/AAAAAAAAAtQ/eug6IkGZBQg/s1600/domestic+violence.jpeg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;">When searching for counselling and therapy to heal the wounds of trauma, childhood abuse, and/or childhood neglect one can be faced with an overwhelming myriad of choices. Most treatment techniques (both medical and psychological) that are studied scientifically take into account that a significant percentage (actual numbers vary based on condition or treatment being studied) of those being studied get better spontaneously simply because they believe they are being given a (called the placebo effect).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;">A number of new approaches that take into account the recent discoveries of neuroscience, made possible by modern brain imaging techniques, have been shown either scientifically (in placebo controlled randomised blind or double-blind studies) or anecdotally (based on empirical observations and patient/client reports) to be highly effective in a shorter period of time than conventional "talking only" therapy. All of these approaches, of course, need to be integrated by a skilled and experienced clinician, into an overall treatment style and plan that will include talking therapy as well as a healthy respect for the power of the therapeutic relationship and the need for the therapist to earn the client's trust by creating safety.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;">Below I list some of the approaches that have been shown to be effective with survivors of adult trauma and childhood physical, sexual, and emotional or psychological abuse, plus a link to another blog entry I wrote on effective approaches for those suffering from the effects of "poor affect regulation", commonly caused by emotional neglect or the unavailability of reliable soothing in early childhood. I only list those methods that I have personally learned and tried and observed to be effective, and the reasons (if known) that they work. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;">A</span><span style="font-family: Cambria;">ffect regulation treatment approaches are </span><span style="font-family: Cambria;">also useful with survivors of trauma and/or childhood abuse. The basis for this is </span><span style="font-family: Cambria;"> described in a separate blog entry </span><a href="http://psiinstitute.blogspot.co.nz/2012/05/learning-to-comfort-and-soothe.html" style="font-family: Cambria;" target="_blank">(Learning to Comfort and Soothe</a><span style="font-family: Cambria;">) as they are more generic therapy approaches used for a broader range of problems and causes. Since writing that entry, I have been learning about <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Unlocking-Emotional-Brain-Eliminating-Reconsolidation-ebook/dp/B009W5XHLS/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1385642532&sr=1-1&keywords=unlocking+the+emotional+brain" target="_blank">"memory reconsolidation"</a> which claims that rather than going through the painstaking process of learning to "regulate" out of control feelings, one can "re-write" the implicit memory itself so that feelings become self-regulating, as they would have been if the original "dysfunctional implicit memory" hadn't been laid down in the first place. I will explore this in depth in another blog entry (coming as soon as I finish writing it).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;">I mention anecdotal or scientific (placebo-controlled) in brackets next to the name of each approach to identify the type of documentation of effectiveness. I include approaches that have primarily anecdotal evidence because it is extremely difficult to measure approaches to complex trauma and dissociation in a laboratory setting. In my opinion, there are too many uncontrollable variables once you try to measure treatment effects with this population, especially since it isn't ethical to in any way limit access to anything that might help simply because it could confound the scientific evidence of your study. The DNMS, Sensorimotor Psychotherapy, and Ego State Work, for example, have ample anecdotal evidence presented in scientific journals as controlled case studies, and are based upon modern scientific insights into the brain, but that is not the same as evidence based on rigorously controlled scientific studies.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Candara;">Ego State Therapy (anecdotal)</span></div>
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Founders: John and Helen Watkins</div>
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The concept of segmentation of personality into discreet parts of self has been around for many years, but has only recently been validated scientifically by new brain scanning technologies. These technologies, by measuring blood flow patterns in the brain, demonstrate how ego states are formed by neural clusters repeatedly firing together (and therefore "wiring together"). </div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3xpFAE6bJPk/Upc72HX_ofI/AAAAAAAAAsw/7VABX0Frdoo/s1600/neural_networkfiring.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="192" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3xpFAE6bJPk/Upc72HX_ofI/AAAAAAAAAsw/7VABX0Frdoo/s320/neural_networkfiring.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
Such neural nets form the basis for most implicit learning - such as learning how to ride a bicycle - a skill that improves and eventually "clicks" as the neurons, which fire together in the same pattern whenever riding is practised, form a network with a particular skill set. When such a neural net forms in the context of a relationship, it will develop a unique point of view and way of behaving.<br />
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Ego states exist as a collection of perceptions, cognitions and emotions in organised clusters. An ego state may be defined as an organized system of behaviour and experience, whose elements are bound together by a common principle. Ego states may also vary in volume. A larger ego state may include all the various behaviours activated in one's occupation, whereas a smaller ego state might be formed around a simple action, such as using a mobile phone. They may encompass current modes of behaviour and experiences or include many memories, postures, feelings, etc., that were learned at an earlier age.</div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ec7MmAJ23NU/Upc83fOhj0I/AAAAAAAAAs4/m69ssAWm8qY/s1600/Ego+states+cooperating.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ec7MmAJ23NU/Upc83fOhj0I/AAAAAAAAAs4/m69ssAWm8qY/s1600/Ego+states+cooperating.jpg" /></a><span style="font-family: Candara;">The human mind is a collective "<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Internal-Family-Systems-Therapy-Guilford-ebook/dp/B00FW4ELM2/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1385643072&sr=1-1&keywords=internal+family+therapy" target="_blank">family of self</a>" within a single individual. How well these "family" members get along, and how effectively they cooperate can vary considerably from individual to individual. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Candara;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vbWUp7r6f-U/Upc9nl7QNkI/AAAAAAAAAtA/g68r6q6uqWY/s1600/family+fighting.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vbWUp7r6f-U/Upc9nl7QNkI/AAAAAAAAAtA/g68r6q6uqWY/s320/family+fighting.gif" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Candara;"> This segmentation has been called many names over the years, depending upon which psychological theory is being used. In Freudian language we are all divided into Ego, Id and Superego; Jungians refer to "complexes" which are described almost identically to ego states; Transactional Analysts talk about the internal Parent, Adult and Child; and Psychosynthesis refers to "sub-personalities." Ego states exist on a continuum of separateness, with the most extreme dividedness being caused by the most extreme early relational trauma. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Candara;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DPIBF0MXFw4/Upc9-aEjc0I/AAAAAAAAAtI/Dhdc6_QJNU8/s1600/egostates.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DPIBF0MXFw4/Upc9-aEjc0I/AAAAAAAAAtI/Dhdc6_QJNU8/s320/egostates.jpg" width="281" /></a></span></div>
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Although everyone has ego states, those states formed in response to loving supportive experiences do not tend to require psychotherapeutic intervention. When ego states are more split off and engage in internal battles, Ego State Therapy can be employed to help resolve some of these conflicts, often using techniques found in conflict resolution, group or family therapy, to enable a kind of internal diplomacy. This approach has demonstrated that complex psychodynamic problems can often be resolved in a much shorter period than with analytic therapies. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;">PLEASE NOTE: The techniques described here have been integrated into </span><span style="font-family: Cambria;">PSI<sup><span style="font-size: xx-small;">TM </span></sup></span><span style="font-family: Cambria;">(PsychoSomatic Integration), an overall approach I teach for working with trauma and abuse survivors. </span><span style="font-family: Cambria;">PSI<sup><span style="font-size: xx-small;">TM</span></sup></span><span style="font-family: Cambria;"> is described <a href="http://www.psychotherapist.org/#WhatisPSI?">here </a>in more detail. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;">More approaches to come....to be continued</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1759102694686891322.post-89606123838461008582013-11-26T04:38:00.001-08:002013-11-26T04:55:09.934-08:00Self Empowerment: Actualizing the Power Within<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-fyo407YqbgM/UpSWIDeqIhI/AAAAAAAAAsc/BYWnQj8Jx5U/s1600/EmpTree.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="278" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-fyo407YqbgM/UpSWIDeqIhI/AAAAAAAAAsc/BYWnQj8Jx5U/s320/EmpTree.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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To experience empowerment we must act on a sense of self worth, value and give voice to our own needs, and give equal validity to our own needs as to others'. As we develop a sense of empowerment, we begin to discover that a conflict of needs actually can present us with a creative challenge to imagine solutions that can empower all parties involved (rather than fearing that a conflict of needs must necessarily result in a "win-lose" battle). I offer the following vignette as an example:<br />
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<span style="font-family: Candara;">Mary does child care every night so John can go out with the "boys". Mary becomes more and more resentful of John and their young children. Finally, Mary initiates an assertive "conflict". She says:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Candara;">"I understand that you work hard all day and need time in the evenings to relax and unwind, but I've never pointed out to you that for you to relax and unwind by going out every night, you are counting on me to stay home with the kids, which is what I do all day. So I don't get to relax and unwind and I become more resentful toward you and the kids and unpleasant to be around. I need escape time too. I'd like us to work out a way that we can both get what we need."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Candara;">John agreed that Mary had become very unpleasant to be around (and didn't hesitate to tell her so.) But after a number of arguments, they came around to agreeing on an experiment. The experiment was that once a week John would go out while Mary watched the children, once a week Mary would go out while John watched the children, and once a week they both went out while Mary's mother watched their children. The other two evenings they all stayed home as a family. After two weeks of this experiment, not only did Mary feel better, but John felt better as well because he was feeling closer to his children and getting less resentment from his wife--and he still had time to see his friends.</span></div>
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The word "compromise" does not adequately describe the process of creating a "win-win" solution. Compromise implies that neither side really gets what they want, whereas in "win-win" solutions, both sides get as much if not more than they wanted originally. Assertiveness means acting from a place of respect – for self and other – and assuming equal value to the needs of self and other. This presents many dilemmas that can also be seen as possibilities. Power--the power of creative problem solving and acting--is mobilized rather than suppressed.<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Power</span></b></div>
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Traditionally power has meant different things for men and women, taking on more positive connotations for men. Think of the following words, first for men and then for women. Pay attention to the feelings they evoke:</div>
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<span style="color: white; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background1;"><b>Men<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background1;"><b>Women</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: blue;">Powerful<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: blue;">Powerful</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: blue;">Aggressive<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: blue;">Aggressive</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: blue;">Forceful<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: blue;">Forceful</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: blue;">Ambitious<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: blue;">Ambitious</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: blue;">Assertive<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: blue;">Assertive</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: blue;">Competitive<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: blue;">Competitive</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: blue;">Authoritative<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: blue;">Authoritative</span></div>
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1. Women have traditionally been expected to defer to men, and have internalized the dominant cultural expectations of females as submissive and powerless</div>
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2. There is something wrong with the present system of power distribution for all people, which we, as women, may be particularly sensitive to, having so deeply learned to respect the importance of other people's needs.<br />
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As we endeavor to compete with men as their equals, some of us feel there is something sour about climbing up a ladder on top of other worthy people's heads, something deceitful about the notion of inferiority and superiority in our fellow human beings. We see that to gain others must lose, and having been relegated to losing for thousands of years, we may not feel comfortable inducing that experience in others.<br />
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When some people have less power than others do because external forces (e.g. money, status, physical strength, military force) block them, many problems arise for both the "winners" and the "losers". The "losers" become afraid to express their needs because they fear (often rightfully) that what little they have will be taken from them. They then become afraid to even feel their needs, to admit to themselves that they want something. They become immobilized. And, in certain critical ways, they stop growing; cease to thrive; development (the Power from Within) is blocked. The "winners" then miss out on the experience of sharing with equals and become self-preoccupied. Their development is also blocked.</div>
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Let's consider these questions:<br />
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1. How do we reclaim our rights to power and effectiveness in the world without doing so at the expense of others?<br />
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2. How can we, as women, integrate the profound knowledge we gain from mothering and being nurtured by our mothers -- i.e., that we are each special, unique, and worthy in our own right, into a culture where value is so often seen in material terms?<br />
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We may want to begin by developing our own vocabulary to describe our experiences and perceptions. Without words to communicate our experiences, we are trapped and limited. If power only means the power to force others to do our will, we will feel that power is foreign to us, awkward and unfamiliar. But power means many things, and many aspects of power can feel right for us.</div>
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I offer the following words and phrases to begin reclaiming our own vocabulary taken from Simos 1987 - (see below*)<br />
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<b>Power Over</b>: the ability to force others to do your will through physical or financial coercion. The power inherent in social or economic positions, or physical size or strength, regardless of skill or ability.<br />
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<b>Shared Power</b>: power whose goal is to uplift or teach others to bring them to parity, as with a parent/child, teacher/student, or psychotherapist/client relationship<br />
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<b>Referred Power</b>: the power others give us because they value, respect, and/or are attached us<br />
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<b>Expertise Power</b>: the power others give us because they count on our knowledge and judgment<br />
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<b>Power With</b>: the power to be effective interpersonally, to persuade, to inspire (not “command” or force) respect<br />
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<b>Power From Within</b>: the power of growth and development inherent in all living things. It is the power to change, to overcome obstacles, to face our own fears, to learn new skills, to fail, and to try again.<br />
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Power can be used to destroy or create, to belittle others and over-inflate the self, or to belittle the self and over-inflate others. We may call the use of power to harm or belittle the self passive power, and to harm or belittle others aggressive power. In contrast, assertiveness can be seen as the use of power to enhance and respect both self and other. Assertiveness training, then, can be a way for women to reclaim their rights to power and effectiveness in the world without doing so at the expense of others.<br />
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<span style="font-family: Candara;">Recommend this on Google Plus </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Candara;"> * new vocabulary words taken from Miriam Simos (Starhawk) Truth or Dare, Harper & Row Publishers, New York, 1987</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: 700;"> Suggested Reading</span></div>
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Jean Baker Miller, M.D. (1976). <i>Toward a New Psychology of Women.</i> Boston: Beacon Press</div>
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Pamela Butler (1981) <i>Self-Assertion for Women.</i> New York: Harper & Row Publishers</div>
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Margaret McIntosh () <i>Feeling Like a Fraud</i> a Work In Progress Paper of the Stone Center for Developmental Studies at Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass., 02181</div>
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<span style="font-family: Candara;">Miriam Simos (Starhawk) (1987) Truth or Dare. New York: Harper & Row Publishers</span><span style="font-family: Candara; font-size: medium; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-center; widows: 2;"> </span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1759102694686891322.post-23172683021226026172012-07-03T05:16:00.003-07:002012-07-03T05:16:58.520-07:00Myths and Truths about "Happy Couples"<br />
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<center style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><b style="background-color: white;"> by Judy Lightstone © January 2012</b></center><center style="font-family: Cambria;"><b><br /></b><img align="LEFT" height="198" src="http://www.psychotherapist.org/imagefairytale.JPG" width="198" /></center><br />
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This article is partially based on extensive laboratory and longitudinal scientific research about couple satisfaction in long term relationships as presented in the book <i>The Marriage Clinic</i>, by John M. Gottman, published by WW Norton & Company in 1999. Please see this book for more resources.</div>
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Most of us know by now that the fairy tale happily ever after stories are full of holes. Dashing men on horses don't usually rescue helpless women and live happily ever after in real life. But most of us don't know how inaccurate our current popular expectations and beliefs are about what makes "marriage" work are (and by this I mean any long term committed romantic relationship). </div>
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Mostly we look around at such things as divorce statistics and see that a lot of them don't work This assessment is also unfair, given that this doesn't include long term committed relationships outside of marriage, nor does it consider that relationships may last several decades and still be included in divorce statistics. Most importantly, the numbers don't tell us what allowed some relationships to last and others to break up, and they don't tell us how much overall satisfaction existed in those relationships that stayed together <i>or</i> broke up.</div>
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Many of the following cultural myths perpetuate some of the problems that bring couples to counselling.</div>
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<b><u>MYTHS</u></b><br />
1<a href="http://www.psychotherapist.org/Index_archives_%27happycouples%27.htm" style="text-decoration: none;">.</a> Arguing = trouble.<br />
2. Distance = trouble.<br />
3. Opposites attract.<br />
4. Flattery will get you nowhere.<br />
5. You have to agree on the BIG issues (like children, sex and money).<br />
6. People divorce because they “grow apart”.<br />
7. Couples divorce because they get older and change physically.<br />
8. The more sex the better.<br />
9. A fat woman will lose her man.<br />
10. Both partners have to be equal in a good marriage.</div>
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<b><u>TRUTHS</u></b><img align="RIGHT" height="180" src="http://www.psychotherapist.org/happycouple.jpg" width="115" /></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1759102694686891322" name="1"></a>1. Fighting per se is not necessarily a problem. If there is basic mutual respect, the ability for partners to cool down and soothe each other afterward, and lots of good stuff in the "emotional bank account", the tendency to fight is more a result of personality style than trouble in the relationship. In his book <a href="http://www.fishpond.co.nz/Books/Marriage-Clinic-John-M-Gottman/9780393702828?cf=3">The Marriage Clinic,</a> John Gottman talks about the "emotional bank account" and the "fondness and admiration system" in which he describes the ability of a couple to draw on "stores" of good feelings that have been deposited there by each partner. It is the <i>ratio</i> of negative interactions and positive interactions -he advises the ratio should be at least 5 (positive) to 1 (negative) -that is more of a predictor of a satisfying relationship than the number of arguments. Some couples like to handle problems directly, and if each of the two people are this way, then they may resolve their problems more quickly and with less bitterness if they approach them head on.</div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1759102694686891322" name="2"></a>2. Other couples are more avoidant and have a similar level of tolerance for putting off confrontations. It is the <i>compatibility</i> of problem solving <i>style </i>between the two people rather than the style itself that is more predictive of failure. When two people prefer to avoid conflict together they don't necessarily get into trouble unless this escalates to avoidance of positive regard for one another. If they can accept each other's differences and remain loving toward one another they may be able to avoid conflict for a long time. It is more a problem if one is a conflict avoider and the other is a conflict confronter. This difference can be worked out (although sometimes <a href="http://www.psychotherapist.org.nz/index_MFT.htm"><span style="text-decoration: none;">help from a therapis</span>t</a> is required) if there's a lot of overall positive regard.</div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1759102694686891322" name="3"></a>3. Differences may make the courtship stage of a relationship more exciting, but they can make a lasting relationship more difficult. Not all differences are alike, however. The most important differences that can cause trouble are: difference in conflict style (see above), differences in mutual respect for each other's life dreams (note I did not say the dreams had to be alike, only the amount of respect accorded the other person for his/her dreams), differences in libido (sexual drive), differences in lifestyle (e.g. degree of accumulation vs. simplicity desired), etc. All of these differences can be worked out in a healthy relationship and don't necessarily signal danger - they just make things harder rather than easier.</div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1759102694686891322" name="4"></a>4. Some would say the solution to all marital difficulties is honesty - always saying what is on your mind because that is the Truth. But in my practice I have seen this become an excuse for disrespect and contempt, and these are the things that will cause ruptures rather than healing. True, people need to be able to express themselves freely to their partners, but this doesn't mean there is no room for tact. And what may feel "honest" at one moment, may feel irrelevant at another. Flattery, if that means complimenting your partner frequently, showing your affection regularly in symbolic or romantic ways, and bragging about her or him to others - will get you everywhere. I don't mean saying things that aren't ever true, but focussing on the positive and building up credit in that emotional bank account makes a huge difference in how well your relationship will weather rockier times.</div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1759102694686891322" name="5"></a>5. There isn't a couple around today that doesn't have some "BIG" issue that it can't resolve. There are too many choices and options available today to assume they must all be agreed upon in each romantic partnership. Gottman estimates that 60% of all problems couples encounter are ultimately irresolvable. Once again, the issue isn't the problem itself, it's how couples learn to manage perpetual problems over the long haul. This point is critical to understand. As in other areas of life, many problems stay with us a long time- some throughout the life span - what matters is how we cope with this fact. Do we comfort each others' experiences of frustration? Do we accept that there are some things that may never be perfect but know that we can keep trying anyway? Do we have enough good stuff in the bank to get us through? Gottman calls this the ability to "dialogue with perpetual problems". Ultimately, it's the quality of the dialogue, not the seeming seriousness of the problem itself, that will predict the success of the relationship.</div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1759102694686891322" name="6"></a>6. Although this may be somewhat true when couples meet at a young age, because the younger they start, the more quickly they will change and might simply become so different they are no longer compatible, for most couples who claim they just "grew apart", this is an excuse that tends to gloss over the deeper issues that can cause serious trouble in a love relationship. </div>
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So if fighting, avoidance, differences, growing apart, and "honesty" aren't the real problems, and huge differences like children, sex and money don't necessarily predict disaster - why is there so much divorce? And what is the solution? Gottman refers to the "Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse" as being: 1. Criticism 2. Defensiveness 3. Contempt and 4. Stonewalling, and says these 4 patterns are the most reliable predictors of divorce/separation or of a long but miserable relationship. When these four horsemen take over a relationship, the end is near, even if the couple physically stay together. But with help (professional help is usually necessary for this) you can learn to consistently "build in the antidotes.<sup>1</sup>"</div>
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Here are some "antidotes" I have found effective:<br />
*for Criticism: try complaining without suggesting that your partner is somehow defective<br />
*for Defensiveness: try accepting responsibility for a part of the problem<br />
*for Contempt: learn to create a marital culture of praise and pride to replace the contempt, and<br />
*for<u> </u>Stonewalling<u>:</u> provide self soothing, stay emotionally connected and give the listener nonverbal cues of your attention.</div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1759102694686891322" name="7"></a>7. Attraction is more related to what's in the emotional bank account than to physical appearance. When loss of attraction or change in physical appearance is used as an<i> excuse</i> for divorce or constant criticisms, it is more indicative that the person doing the criticising is having self esteem or identity issues. Although these problems may require individual or couples treatment, it is not physical changes that are at the heart of the deterioration of a marriage.</div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1759102694686891322" name="8"></a>8. Sexual compatibility, not frequency, is the key to couple sexual satisfaction. Difficulties (again, not irresolvable) arise when there is a difference in the amount of sex desired by each member of the couple. Many satisfied couples have little or even no sex because this is all each of them desires. Gottman found that it is the nature of the friendship, more than the frequency of sexual relations, that gets people through in the long run. When frequent sex is desired by both partners, and sex is part of the overall fondness and affectional system, it can be a wonderful asset. When one is wanting more sex than the other, it is likely to cause stress in both partners. However, more often than not, the development of sexual problems is a symptom rather than a cause of relationship difficulties. Because sexual intimacy requires each partner to be vulnerable to the other, when the relationship is experienced as emotionally unsafe by one or both partners, sexual disturbances will likely arise.</div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1759102694686891322" name="9"></a>9. I have worked with many couples who were dealing with changes in one partner's body size. I have seen some couples break up when there was no perceptible physical change and other couples thrive through considerable physical changes. When there is a wealth of positive regard in the relationship, physical attraction tends to follow that regard. It is unfortunately common for someone with an eating problem to project their body image insecurities onto a partner. This can be true for certain same sex couples too- one partner "absorbs" the bad body feelings and the other projects them. When this is the case it is important for each member of the couple or family to work separately on his or her eating problem and put a special effort into being loving and respectful of the partner's food and body boundaries. It is not easy to go against the cultural dictate of thinness for everyone, but a family can work together to develop a culture of love and respect for differences that will ultimately solve way more problems than the temporary (for usually it is no more than that) weight gain or loss of one or more of its members.</div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1759102694686891322" name="10"></a>10. There are many ways for couples to share power and responsibility that do not necessarily correspond to absolute equality in all areas. What is more important is that each partner have equal <i>influence</i> on the other. Weiss'<sup>2</sup> coined the term: "positive sentiment override" (PSO) to describe this ability. He coined the term "negative sentiment override" (NSO) for the opposite. What this means is that when partners feel trusting of one another, they tend to hear each other's suggestions and complaints non-defensively. There doesn't have to be agreement on the issue, just willingness to talk about the differences. Statements judged neutral or negative by observers can be interpreted positively by a partner with a couples history of respectful conflict (PSO) just as statements judged neutral or positive by observers can be interpreted as negative by a partner with a couples history disrespectful conflict (NSO) as in the following examples.</div>
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<b>PSO Example:</b></div>
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<span style="font-weight: 700; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">Partner 1: Will you shut up and let me finish?</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: 700;">Partner 2: </span><span style="font-weight: 700; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">Sorry, go ahead.</span></div>
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Though partner 2<span style="line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"> may not be very happy about this comment, he still recognises that his partner felt hurt by his interruption and gives her the benefit of the doubt.</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: 700;">NSO Example:</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: 700; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">Partner 1: Will you shut up and let me finish?</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: 700;">Partner 2: </span><span style="font-weight: 700; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">To hell with you, I’m not getting a chance to finish either. You’re such a bitch, you remind me of your mother.</span></div>
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Here partner 2 assumes negative intent and feels he must defend himself.</div>
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In summary, this does not mean that a couple in trouble can just start being loving and affectionate during their arguments. It takes work and often professional intervention to get out of negative cycles. Repeating affirmations that have no meaningful basis is not the solution either. Genuine positive regard, if not already deeply embedded in the marriage, can only emerge once the relationship is made emotionally safe for both partners.<br />
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1759102694686891322" name="abuse"></a>* * This article does not apply to couples struggling with physical or sexual abuse. Much stronger interventions are required in those cases to first and foremost keep all parties physically safe. For resources on this topic, please see: <a href="http://www.womensrefuge.org.nz/need_help.asp" style="text-decoration: none;">http://www.womensrefuge.org.nz</a></div>
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Link to: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;"> <a href="http://www.psychotherapist.org.nz/index_MFT.htm" style="text-decoration: none;">Couples therapy</a></span></div>
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<center style="font-family: Cambria;"><b><u>Notes:</u></b></center><br />
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1. Gottman, John M. <i>The Marriage Clinic</i>, NY: WW Norton & Company; 1999, page 193.<br />
2. Weiss, R. L. (1980) Strategic behavioral marital therapy: Toward a model for assessment and intervention. In J.P. Vincent (Ed.), Advances in family intervention, assessment and theory (Vol. 1, pp. 229-271). Greenwich, CT; JAI Press.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com254 Lincoln Rd, Henderson, Auckland 0610, New Zealand-36.8556884 174.6295016-36.857276399999996 174.6270341 -36.8541004 174.6319691tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1759102694686891322.post-52923923021198658122012-05-11T18:08:00.001-07:002021-11-22T16:10:47.604-08:00Learning to Comfort and Self-Soothe<br />
In human infants and children, the ability to comfort oneself is learned through extensive experiences of healthy "bonding" with one's caregiver/s from early on. Healthy bonding requires long periods of holding, cuddling, mutual gazing and adoration between child and caregiver/s, and that the child is kept safe and protected from abusive or violent experiences, especially in the family. Early emotional neglect, childhood abuse and/or the unavailability of reliable soothing in early childhood, which can be due to many causes, such as illness in the caregivers, can have dire consequences when the child grows into adulthood.<br />
<br />
We now know that such safety and bonding are necessary for the infant's optimal brain development, which results in the child's ultimate ability to learn how to comfort him/herself. A child that grows up unsafe, and/or without this "bonding and holding" will be vulnerable to experiencing repeated unnecessary alerts set off by the "survival" (hind) brain throughout their lifespan; signals that survival is threatened even when it isn't. These signals shut down optimal functioning of the "human" (thinking) brain, leading to difficulties in word retrieval, interpersonal skills, and concentration when such skills may be most needed.
When an adult can't naturally self-soothe, s/he may become dependent on tension-reducing activities that can appear self-destructive, but in actuality are desperate attempts to calm the body down, some by forcing a flood of endorphins. Such tension-reducing activities include smoking, drinking, self-harm, compulsive gambling, overeating, purging, self-starvation, and sexually risky behaviour. Compare this to people who grow up safe with loving and supportive caregivers, who are able to self-soothe with little effort as adults because the learning is deeply embodied from infancy.<br />
<br />
The combination of repeatedly experiencing anxiety in situations that aren't actually dangerous, with a compromised ability to calm oneself when such anxiety does occur, also makes it more difficult to fall asleep at night or to get a full regenerative experience from sleep. Having difficulty soothing oneself can also mean having difficulty taking in comfort from others, even those who are trying to be kind and supportive. This can cause problems in one's most intimate relationships.<br />
<br />
All of these difficulties fall under the psychological category of "poor affect regulation," which understandably often results in a tendency toward the kind of harmful attempts at tension reduction described above.
Standard forms of “talk therapy” that do not address the physiological shutdown caused by an overactive survival response are unlikely to be effective, because the client will spend a lot of time feeling unsafe. When feeling unsafe, the talking (‘human”) brain is not working adequately enough to integrate verbal interventions. Therapeutic approaches that focus on analysing one's thought patterns are called “top down” therapy – because they address the “higher” brain functions while ignoring the lower brain functions, such as survival reactions.<br />
<br />
There are a number of psychotherapeutic approaches that work from the “bottom up.” These are especially effective for those suffering from the effects of "poor affect regulation." Many of the techniques have been integrated into PSI (PsychoSomatic Integration) Therapy, and are taught to counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists to help them learn to address these kinds of problems more effectively with their clients.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.psychotherapist.org/Continuing_EducationDistanceLearning.htm">Click here to find out about distance learning programmes</a> and <a href="http://www.psychotherapist.org.nz/PSI_professional_development.htm">here to find out about general training and supervision options.</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com254 Lincoln Rd, Henderson, Auckland 0610, New Zealand-36.8556884 174.6295016-36.857276399999996 174.6270341 -36.8541004 174.6319691tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1759102694686891322.post-40229643392589045172012-04-15T15:06:00.002-07:002012-06-24T21:58:19.037-07:00Overcoming Powerlessness<blockquote>
<span style="font-style: italic;">"We who lived in concentration camps can remember the men who walked through the huts<br />comforting others, giving away their last piece of bread. They may have been few in number, but they offer sufficient proof that everything can be taken from a man but one thing: the last of the human freedoms -- to choose one's attitude in any given set of circumstances."-- Victor Frankl</span></blockquote>
<br />
<br />
When you feel powerless, you feel afraid to express your needs because you fear (often rightly) that what little you have will be taken from you. You may have learned powerlessness if you were kept in powerless positions repeatedly and/or over long periods of time (possibly during childhood) by those who used external forces (money, physical strength, legal status, and/or military force) to control you. You may have been abused as a child, a partner or spouse, an employee, a soldier, or you may have been the victim of racial or ethnic attacks. Such prolonged abuse can cause you to become afraid to feel even your own needs, i.e., to admit to yourself that you need something. You become immobilized. And in certain critical ways you stop growing, you cease to thrive.<br />
<br />
<br />
Distinguishing Externally Imposed Powerlessness from Learned Powerlessness<br />
<br />
<br />
When powerlessness is "learned", it becomes self-perpetuating, even if the external forces are no longer there. An abused child may grow up to feel permanently powerless as an adult, even though his/her parents no longer have physical or economic power over him/her. One may then enter into a situation that repeats childhood experiences (e.g., living with or marrying an abusive partner), and therefore keeping oneself in externally imposed danger. Or one may keep oneself down through self-abuse, compulsive behaviors, and/or depression...because the powerlessness has become internalized.<br />
<br />
This is different from the externally imposed powerlessness of racial, class, and gender oppression, which may be enforced through economic, legal, physical, or military, might. The secretary who is being sexually harassed, the single mother who cannot get a promotion due to sex discrimination, the homeless family that cannot afford housing: these are victims that require collective power and direct action to overcome their powerlessness. Collective power may take the form of a union, or a "network" of friends, supporters and professional helpers. Direct action might involve a lawsuit, going to the media, or organizing a strike or protest. Collective power and direct action together make an even more powerful combination.<br />
Even more insidious than this is when--as is often the case--externally imposed powerlessness is combined with learned powerlessness. When this is the case, the above methods are not possible because the person is emotionally incapable of asserting her/his rights.<br />
<br />
Overcoming Learned Powerlessness<br />
<br />
The first step to overcoming learned powerlessness is to learn to feel entitled to your personal rights. You have the right to live a life free from physical, emotional, sexual, and financial mistreatment. You have the right to be treated with respect, to earn a livable income, to be informed of matters that affect you, and to express yourself freely (without harming others). Most importantly, you have the right to ask for what you need (even though you may be turned down) and to fight for what you need and want (even if you are turned down!). This list of "legitimate entitlements" is easier to read than to experience. Most people who have learned powerlessness barely feel entitled to speak, let alone to speak freely. Often professional therapy is necessary to overcome the ingrained patterns. Never the less, to overcome learned powerlessness, you must gradually, haltingly, but persistently lay claim to each and every human right, one after the other.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.psychotherapist.org/Continuing_EducationDistanceLearning.htm">Click here to find out about distance learning programs for therapists</a> and <a href="http://www.psychotherapist.org.nz/PSI_professional_development.htm">here to find out about general training and supervision options.</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1759102694686891322.post-71562102499076099132012-02-17T03:36:00.000-08:002013-11-26T04:22:34.494-08:00Improving Body Image<blockquote>
"If we place pornography and the tyranny of slenderness alongside one another we have the two most significant obsessions of our culture, and both of them focused upon a woman's body." -Kim Chernin</blockquote>
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kCbp5uLFd3A/UpSSHgm33NI/AAAAAAAAAsU/xHoDt_WLt30/s1600/cat_lion.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kCbp5uLFd3A/UpSSHgm33NI/AAAAAAAAAsU/xHoDt_WLt30/s1600/cat_lion.jpg" /></a>Body image involves our perception, imagination, emotions, and physical sensations of and about our bodies. It s not static- but ever changing; sensitive to changes in mood, environment, and physical experience. It is not based on fact. It is psychological in nature, and much more influenced by self-esteem than by actual physical attractiveness as judged by others. It is not inborn, but learned. This learning occurs in the family and among peers, but these only reinforce what is learned and expected culturally.<br />
<br />
In this culture, we women are starving ourselves, starving our children and loved ones, gorging ourselves, gorging our children and loved ones, alternating between starving and gorging, purging, obsessing, and all the while hating, pounding and wanting to remove that which makes us female: our bodies, our curves, our pear-shaped selves.<br />
<br />
"Cosmetic surgery is the fastest growing 'medical' specialty.... Throughout the 80s, as women gained power, unprecedented numbers of them sought out and submitted to the knife...." - Naomi Wolf<br />
<br />
The work of feminist object relations theorists such as Susie Orbach (author of Fat is a Feminist Issue, and Hunger Strike: Anorexia as a Metaphor for Our Age) and those at The Women's Therapy Centre Institute (authors of Eating Problems: a Feminist Psychoanalytic Treatment Model) has demonstrated a relationship between the development of personal boundaries and body image. Personal boundaries are the physical and emotional borders around us.. A concrete example of a physical boundary is our skin. It distinguishes between that which is inside you and that which is outside you. On a psychological level, a person with strong boundaries might be able to help out well in disasters- feeling concerned for others, but able to keep a clear sense of who they are. Someone with weak boundaries might have sex with inappropriate people, forgetting where they end and where others begin. Such a person way not feel "whole" when alone.<br />
<br />
Our psychological boundaries develop early in life, based on how we are held and touched (or not held and touched). A person who is deprived of touch as an infant or young child, for example, may not have the sensory information s/he needs to distinguish between what is inside and what is outside her/himself. As a result, boundaries may be unclear or unformed. This could cause the person to have difficulty getting an accurate sense of his/her body shape and size. This person might also have difficulty eating, because they might have trouble sensing the physical boundaries of hunger and fullness or satiation. On the other extreme, a child who is sexually or physically abused may feel terrible pain and shame or loathing associated to his/her body. Such a person might use food or starvation to continue the physical punishments they grew familiar with in childhood.<br />
<br />
Developing a Healthy Body Image<br />
<br />
Here are some guidelines (Adapted from BodyLove: Learning to Like Our Looks and Ourselves, Rita Freeman, Ph.D.) that can help you work toward a positive body image:<br />
<br />
1. Listen to your body. Eat when you are hungry.<br />
2 .Be realistic about the size you are likely to be based on your genetic and environmental<br />
history..<br />
3. Exercise regularly in an enjoyable way, regardless of size.<br />
4. Expect normal weekly and monthly changes in weight and shape<br />
5. Work towards self acceptance and self forgiveness- be gentle with yourself.<br />
6. Ask for support and encouragement from friends and family when life is stressful.<br />
7. Decide how you wish to spend your energy -- pursuing the "perfect body image" or enjoying<br />
family, friends, school and, most importantly, life.<br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;">Think of it as the three A's....</span><br />
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Attention -- Refers to listening for and responding to internal cues (i.e., hunger, satiety,<br />
fatigue).<br />
<br />
Appreciation -- Refers to appreciating the pleasures your body can provide.<br />
<br />
Acceptance -- Refers to accepting what is -- instead of longing for what is not.<br />
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Healthy body weight is the size a person naturally returns to after a long period of both non-compulsive eating* and consistent exercise commensurate with the person' s physical health and condition. We must learn to advocate for ourselves and our children to aspire to a naturally determined size, even though that will often mean confronting misinformed family, friends, and media advertising again and again.<br />
<br />
*Simply stated, non-compulsive eating means eating when you are hungry and stopping when you are satisfied. This involves being able to distinguish emotional hunger from physical hunger, and satiation from over fullness. Link to: Compulsive Overeating for more information. Link to: Bibliography to view sources.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.psychotherapist.org/Continuing_EducationDistanceLearning.htm#HealingIntract"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />Click here to find out about distance learning programs for therapists</a> and <a href="http://www.psychotherapist.org/Continuing_EducationDistanceLearning.htm#HealingIntract">here to find out about general training and supervision options.</a>
<br />
<br />
Bibliography<br />
<br />
The Obsession: Reflections on the Tyranny of Slenderness, by Kim Chernin, Harper & Row, 1982.<br />
<br />
BodyLove: Learning to Like Our Looks and Ourselves, Rita Freeman, Ph.D., Harper & Row, 1988 <br />
<br />
200 Ways to Love the Body You Have by Marcia Germaine Hutchinson, EdD , The Crossing Press, 1999 <br />
<br />
Fat is a Feminist Issue: A Self Help Guide for Compulsive Eaters, by Susie Orbach, <br />
<br />
Hunger Strike: Anorexia as a Metaphor for Our Age, by Susie Orbach, Norton Books, 1986<br />
<br />
The Beauty Myth, by Naomi Wolf, Doubleday, 1991 to buy click: The Beauty Myth<br />
<br />
Eating Problems: a Feminist Psychoanalytic Treatment Model, by The Women's Therapy Centre Institute, Basic Books, 1994<br />
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